This book covers the recent advances in battery materials and their novel applications at the cross-section of advanced materials both current and next-generation, that are shaping the future of energy storage. Well-known researchers deliberate subjects including: - Design and development of lithium ion batteries: Technology innovation and challenges for electric vehicles; - Transition metal oxide based electrocatalyst for metal-air battery; - Comprehensively account of lithium-sulfur batteries; - Production of graphene and graphene composites from biomass starting material, formation mechanism and end application; - Three-dimensionally porous Li-ion and Li-S secondary battery cathodes; - Rational structure design and performance optimization of transition metal oxide-based lithium ion battery anodes; - Carbon-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries; - Lithium titanate-based lithium-ion batteries; - Doped graphene for electrochemical energy storage systems; - Promising nanoscale materials as high-performance anodes in sodium-ion batteries; - Copper-metal-sulfides for advanced batteries.