This book explores the work of those artists who attempted to keep alive the expanded possibilities opened up by Cubism in Paris between 1911 and 1914. This little community of artists refused to accept that recording the war or producing propaganda was their duty. Instead, they kept faith in their independence as individuals as this war of machines threatened to rob every front-line soldier of his humanity and to draw the globe into unprecedented conflict. The vast majority of fit young Frenchmen were mobilized, so those artists left behind in Paris were either foreign or too old or unfit for combat. Pablo Picasso, then known as the inventor of Cubism, remained a prominent figure, alongside his fellow Spaniards Juan Gris and Maria Blanchard, the Mexican Diego Rivera, the Italian Gino Severini, the Lithuanian sculptor Jacques Lipchitz and the French painters Georges Braque, Henri Laurens, Fernand Leger and Henri Matisse. One focus of this book is the sheer diversity of the work produced by these artists; another is the move made by most of them toward a more structured, architectural Cubism, especially from 1917, which could be taken as reparation against the destructive forces that seemed to have taken over the whole world.