The advances in computer technology encourage and lead to complex software systems. With the increasing complexity of software, the aspects of implementation and reliability deserve more attention.The series "Programming Complex Systems" deals with the problems in development and assessment of information and knowledge-based systems. Modeling, conception analysis, construction, and validation of such systems are extensively discussed, with emphasis on the aspects of programming.The interdisciplinary nature of the volumes and their authors illuminates the application in most areas, including technical, real-time systems and office automation. The series endeavors to achieve a high level of innovation and practicability.